Nezahualcóyotl, Codex Ixtlilxóchitl, folio 106r
The Turquoise Jade Hummingbird
Where the beautiful fragrant flowers bloom
The honey-colored flowers sway and glisten with sunstruck dew
Cotinga
Where the Cotinga Bird lives
Where they spread thier petals
Bellbird
The Bellbird sings
Deep within the mountain valley, in the land of abundance, in the realm of heavenly flowers
Red-winged Blackbird
I hear their flower songs. Quiquizoani codex magliabecchi
Hummingbird sipping nectar. Florentine Codex Book 11 fig. 52
Beautiful Fragrant Flowers

The Origin of Songs, (Cuicapeuh-cáyotl), by Nezahualcoyotl, is the opening poem of the Cantares Mexicanos, a collection of 91 Náhuatl songs/poems predating the Spanish conquest. The interpretation of the original Náhuatl I post here, is entirely my own, the product of endless of hours of laborious research and study. A special acknowledgement goes to John Bierhorst who published the original Náhuatl version of the poem written in the Roman alphabet by Mexica scribes in the decades following the conquest.

I was able to navigate my way through this process without having personal knowledge of the Náhuatl language, with the help of Microsoft Copilot, OpenAI GPT-4.5, GPT-4.o and other AI programs to a lesser extent.

I also reviewed three previously published interpretations of the poem, the first by John Bierhorst in his two books, Cantares Mexicanos, Songs of the Aztecs, and A Nahuatl-English Dictionary and Concordance to the Cantares Mexicanos, Stanford University Press, 1985; the second by Earl Shorris and Sylvia Sasson Shorris, © 2005; and the third by John Curl, Ancient American Poets: The Flower Songs of Nezahualcoyotl, 2005.

 

The Origin of Songs

by Nezahualcoyotl (1402-1472)

 

Texcoco Philosopher King

 

***

 

 

~PART ONE~

FLOWERS

 

My heart yearns.

Where shall I gather beautiful fragrant flowers?

Who shall I ask?

Perhaps I should ask the precious hummingbird,
the Turquoise Jade Hummingbird.
Perhaps I should ask the yellow butterfly.
For they would know.

They know where the beautiful fragrant flowers bloom. 

 

If I seek them here in the pine and cypress forest

where the Trogon Bird lives,

or if I seek them in the flower forest

where the Roseate Spoonbill lives,

where the honey-colored flowers sway and glisten with sunstruck dew,

where they spread their petals,

perhaps I will see them there. 

 

If the beautiful fragrant flowers are shown to me,

I will gather them in the fold of my cloak to greet the princes.

With them I will gladden the noble lords.

 

 

 

~PART TWO~

SONGS

 

Ah, here I find the true place of life.

Now I hear the true Flower Songs.

Like the munificent mountains, they sustain us.

People gather before the heavenly waters.

There is where the songs live,

before the pulsating springs of turquoise waters

where the Cotinga Bird lives.

 

The singers sing together.

They sing back and forth to one another.

The 400-Voice-Bird, the mockingbird, echoes the Bellbirds,

the Red-winged Blackbirds and the Yellow-headed Blackbirds.

They call out a rhythmic cascade of chimes.

Singing, “Ka-ka-REE, ka-ka-REE REE EE-EE-EE!”

The voices of these countless mystical singers,

the sacred song singers amplify and flow.

Ah, how it resonates!

This is our place of bliss.

 

Truly, those cloaked in the earthly realm

seek to mirror their beautiful artistry.

Revered quetzal-hummingbird,

who shall we seek among the heavenly singers of songs?

 

 

~PART THREE~

THE HUMMINGBIRD 

 

I pray, I cry out in sorrow,

“Will I be consoled?

Will the lordly fathers have mercy on me.”

 

Then the revered quetzal hummingbird arrives

Then it comes forth.

“O cherished singer, what do you seek?”

 

In reply, I beseech,

“Where can I find the precious, fragrant flowers

through which our revered ancestors may be revealed?”

 

Then the hummingbird chirps,

“Surely now, if you tremble and reverberate, you sing.

And verily, through song

our legacy and our noble ancestors may be revealed.”

 

 

~PART FOUR~

THE MOUNTAIN VALLEY

 

Deep within the mountain valley,

in the land of abundance, in the realm of heavenly flowers,

the spirit of our ancestors comes to me.

 

There it is, where the sun’s rays sparkle in the shimmering dew.

There, in that place, we behold various scattered flowers.

See how these robust fragrant flowers glitter and shine.

In the ethereal mist a radiant cloud spreads out.

 

There, in that place, the precious hummingbird speaks to me:

“Oh, let us pick the fragrant flowers

here in the sacred place of our beginnings.

There the divine singer will emerge.

If we give these flowers to the lords,

we will bring joy to the lords of the earthly realm.”

 

~PART FIVE~

OUR BRETHREN

 

Then I gather various fragrant flowers.

Verily, my heart-spirit now understands the true meaning of life.

I wonder if any of our brethren would join with me in this divine pilgrimage.

Together, we could gather countless heavenly treasures.

And now that I have become aware,

I will speak before our brethren,

bearing the truth of the abundance within.

 

“Dear brothers, here, in this place,

we may always gather precious things.

In the scattered, fragrant flowers, we gather beauty.

In the diverse, beautiful songs, truth and harmony arise.

Let us gather them.

With them, the truth will be revealed.

Then, our brethren who walk upon the earth and their beloved children

 will reign as eagles and jaguars.”

 

 

~PART SIX~

THE LORDS

 

Verily, I the singer have gathered all the precious flowers.

And with these I adorn our noble youths.

From the hands of the gods,

I now take the beautiful songs and cherish them with gratitude.

And who will see the flourishing flower?

It is the lords,

standing in the presence of the One Who Is Near and Encompasses All.”

 

 

~PART SEVEN~

THE FARMERS

 

But what of the wretched farmer on barren land who can make no offerings?

Where will he behold the true flower?

Who may come with me to the divine realm of precious flowers?

Prosperity is bestowed in the heavens

by the One Who Is Near and Encompasses All

to those who understand life and even to the wretched who sin.

 

 

~PART EIGHT~

MY LAMENT

 

I recall that I saw it there, in the land of flowers, I the singer.

And I now stand here, upon the earth and I reflect 

and my heart-spirit cries out:

 

“Perhaps there is no happiness here on the earth.

Perhaps somewhere else,

in the land of abundant joy is where true wisdom resides.

What indeed is there here on earth?

 

Perhaps for just a moment may we live in the heavens where life thrives.

Let me go there; let me sing there among the many precious birds.

Let me learn there among the beautiful precious flowers,

the fragrant flowers,

That gently capture people’s hearts,

and softly refreshes and perfumes them.

That I may learn what brings joy to the heart,

that gently intoxicates with sweetness, with fragrance.

 

 

Nezahualcoyotl with his Teuctlatoque, the group of four principal advisors
Nezahualcoyotl, "Hungry Coyote," Tlatoani of the Texcoco Altepetl, as pictured on the Mexican 100 peso note.
Clouded Yellow Butterfly
Where the Trogon Bird lives
Where the Roseate Spoonbill lives
The sun’s rays sparkle in the shimmering dew.
400-Voice Bird (Mockingbird)
With them I will gladden the noble lords. Floerentine Codex, Book 11
Resplendent Quetzal
Yellow-headed Blackbird
Ah, here is where they live!
The singers sing together, Florentine Codex X
Singers and music makers

Songs

In Aztec poetry, “songs” symbolized the voice of the heavens, the celestial realm, connecting human existence to the divine.  Songs also provided a medium for communicating all aspects of the human condition, history, behavior and desire.

Flowers 

Aztec poets used “flowers” metaphorically. Flowers bloom and display beauty for a short time then wither and fade away. Likewise, all life in the earthly realm is ephemeral and transitory. Here, Nezahualcoyotl laments in his search for a celestial paradise.